The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis.

The victims included 1.5 million children, and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe.-

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From 1941 to 1945, Jews were systematically murdered in the deadliest genocide in history, which was part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and killings of various ethnic and political groups in Europe.

Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, every arm of Germany’s bureaucracy was involved in the logistics and the carrying out of the mass murder.

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The persecution was carried out in stages, culminating in the policy of extermination of European Jews termed the ‘Final Solution to the Jewish Question’ (die Endlösung der Judenfrage).

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Following Hitler’s rise to power, the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society.

Most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. Starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps.

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After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos. In 1941, as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East, all anti-Jewish measures radicalized.

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Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings actions in less than a year.

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By mid-1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945.

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The British band Spandau Ballet got their name after a friend of the band, journalist and DJ Robert Elms, saw the name ‘Spandau Ballet‘ scrawled on the wall of a nightclub lavatory during a visit to Berlin.

This gallows humour graffiti refers to standard drop method hangings at Spandau Prison when the condemned would twitch and jump at the end of a rope.